| Hummingbirds are small birds in the family Trochilidae, native only to the Americas. They are known for their ability to hover in mid-air by rapidly flapping their wings, 15-80 times per second (depending on the species). Capable of sustained hovering, the hummingbird has the ability to fly deliberately backwards (this is the only group of birds able to do so) or vertically, and to maintain position while drinking nectar or eating tiny arthropods from flower blossoms. They are named for the characteristic hum made by their wings.
Appearance 
The hummingbird is a small bird with a long, thin beak. This elongated beak is one of the defining characteristics of the hummingbird, which, with an extendable, bifurcated tongue, has evolved in order to allow the bird to feed upon nectar deep within flowers. A hummingbird's lower beak also has the unique ability to flex downward to create a wider opening, facilitating the capture of insects in the mouth rather than at the tip of the beak.
The Bee Hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is the smallest bird in the world, weighing 1.8 grams (0.06 ounces) and measuring about 5 cm (2 inches). A more typical hummingbird, such as the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), weighs approximately 3 g (0.106 ounces) and has a length of 10-12 cm (3.5-4 inches). The largest hummingbird is the Giant Hummingbird (Patagona gigas), with some individuals weighing as much as 24 grams (0.85 ounces) and measuring 21.5 cm (8.5 inches).
Hummingbirds bear the most glittering plumage in the bird world. They display sexual dimorphism, as male hummingbirds are usually more brightly colored, while females of most species display more cryptic coloration. Most males have iridescent plumage, in metallic red, orange, green and/or blue. Some have only an iridescent throat patch or cap, while others, such as the Coppery-headed Emerald, are entirely iridescent.
Feeding
Hummingbirds are attracted to many flowering plants—shrimp plants, bee balm, Heliconia, Buddleja, Hibiscus, bromeliads, cannas, verbenas, honeysuckles, salvias, pentas, fuchsias, many penstemons, and others. It is often stated that they are especially attracted to red and yellow flowers. Once attracted to a garden, hummingbirds may find flowers of other colors more attractive. The location and growing season should determine choices of the plants selected for a garden to attract hummingbirds. They feed on the nectar of these plants and are important pollinators, especially of deep-throated flowers. Most species of hummingbird also take insects, especially when feeding young.
Aerodynamics of flight
Hummingbird flight has been studied intensively from an aerodynamic perspective: Hovering hummingbirds may be filmed using high-speed video cameras.
Writing in Nature, the bio-mechanist Douglas Warrick and coworkers studied the Rufous Hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus, in a wind tunnel using particle image velocimetry techniques and investigated the lift generated on the bird's upstroke and down stroke.
They concluded that their subjects produced 75% of their weight support during the down-stroke and 25% during the up-stroke: many earlier studies had assumed (implicitly or explicitly) that lift was generated equally during the two phases of the wing beat cycle, as is the case of insects of a similar size. This finding shows that hummingbirds' hovering is similar to, but distinct from, that of hovering insects such as the hawk moths.
The Giant Hummingbird's wings beat 8-10 beats per second, the wings of medium-sized hummingbirds beat about 20-25 beats per second and the smallest beat 70 beats per second.
Metabolism
With the exception of insects, hummingbirds while in flight have the highest metabolism of all animals, a necessity in order to support the rapid beating of their wings. Their heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a Blue-throated Hummingbird . They also typically consume more than their own weight in food each day, and to do so they must visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving.
However, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available. They enter a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heart rate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically (the heart rate to roughly 50-180 beats per minute), reducing their need for food. Most organisms with very rapid metabolism have short life spans, however hummingbirds have been known to survive in captivity for as long as 17 years.
Studies of hummingbirds' metabolism are highly relevant to the question of whether a migrating Ruby-throated Hummingbird can cross 800 km (500 miles) of the Gulf of Mexico on a nonstop flight, as field observations suggest it does. This hummingbird, like other birds preparing to migrate, stores up fat to serve as fuel, thereby augmenting its weight by as much as 40-50 percent and hence increasing the bird's potential flying time.
Range
Hummingbirds are found only in the Americas, from southern Alaska and Canada to Tierra del Fuego, including the Caribbean. The majority of species occur in tropical Central and South America, but several species also breed in temperate areas. Excluding vagrants, sometimes from Cuba or the Bahamas, only the migratory Ruby-throated Hummingbird breeds in eastern North America. The Black-chinned Hummingbird, its close relative and another migrant, is the most widespread and common species in the western United States and Canada.
Most hummingbirds of the U.S. and Canada migrate to warmer climates in the northern winter, but some remain in the warmest coastal regions. Some southern South American forms also move to the tropics in the southern winter.
The Rufous Hummingbird shows an increasing trend to migrate east to winter in the eastern United States, rather than south to Central America, as a result of increasing survival prospects provided by artificial feeders in gardens. In the past, individuals that migrated east would usually die, but now many survive, and their changed migration direction is inherited by their offspring. Provided sufficient food and shelter is available, they are surprisingly hardy, able to tolerate temperatures down to at least -4 °C (25 °F).
Reproduction
Most male hummingbirds take no part in nesting. Most species make a neatly woven cup in a tree branch. Two white eggs are laid, which despite being the smallest of all bird eggs, are in fact large relative to the hummingbird's adult size. Incubation is typically 14-19 days. The nest is usually about the size of a pocket watch.
Systematics and evolution
Traditionally, hummingbirds are placed in the order Apodiformes, which also contains the swifts. In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, hummingbirds are separated as a new order, Trochiliformes, but this is not well supported by additional evidence. Hummingbirds' wings are hollow and fragile, making fossilization difficult and leaving their evolutionary history a mystery. Some scientists also believe that the hummingbird evolved relatively recently. Scientists also theorize that hummingbirds originated in South America, where there is the greatest species diversity. Brazil and Ecuador contain over half of the known species.
There are between 325 and 340 species of hummingbird, depending on taxonomic viewpoint, historically divided into two subfamilies, the hermits (subfamily Phaethornithinae, 34 species in six genera), and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae, all the others).
The modern diversity of hummingbirds is thought by evolutionary biologists to have evolved in South America, as the great majority of the species are found there. However, the ancestor of extant hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe to what is southern Russia today.
Genetic analysis has indicated that the hummingbird lineage diverged from their closest relatives some 35 million years ago, in the Late Eocene, but fossil evidence is limited. Fossil hummingbirds are known from the Pleistocene of Brazil and the Bahamas, though neither has yet been scientifically described and there are fossils and sub fossils of a few extant species known, but until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as hummingbirds.
In 2004, Dr. Gerald Mayr of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am  Main identified two 30-million-year-old hummingbird fossils and published his results in Nature. The fossils of this primitive hummingbird species, named Eurotrochilus inexpectatus ("unexpected European hummingbird"), had been sitting in a museum drawer in Stuttgart; they had been unearthed in a clay pit at Wiesloch-Frauenweiler, south of Heidelberg, Germany and, because it was assumed that hummingbirds never occurred outside the Americas, were not recognized to be hummingbirds until Mayr took a closer look at them.
Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related, extinct family, the Jungornithidae, have been found at the Messel pit and in the Caucasus, dating from 40-35 mya, indicating that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred at that date. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to the northern Caribbean or southernmost China during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at the present time is what happened to hummingbirds in the roughly 25 million years between the primitive Eurotrochilus and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological adaptations, the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this time span. DNA-DNA hybridization results suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds at least partly took place in the Miocene, some 12-13 mya, during the uplifting of the northern Andes.
Hummingbirds and humans
Hummingbirds sometimes fly into garages and become trapped. It is widely believed that this is because they mistake the hanging (usually red-color) door-release handle for a flower, although hummingbirds can also get trapped in enclosures that do not contain anything red. Once inside, they may be unable to escape because their natural instinct when threatened or trapped is to fly upward. This is a life-threatening situation for hummingbirds, as they can become exhausted and die in a relatively short period of time, possibly as little as an hour. If a trapped hummingbird is within reach, it can often be caught gently and released outdoors. It will lie quietly in the space between cupped hands until released. Alternatively, a hummingbird will land on a soft-bristled broom if held up to the bird and thence the bird may be carried outside to fly away safely.
Feeders and artificial nectar
The diet of hummingbirds requires an energy source (typically nectar) and a protein source (typically small insects). Providing many plants that carry blooms used by hummingbirds is the safest way to provide nectar for hummingbirds. Through careful plant selection, gardens may contain plants that bloom at different times to attract hummingbirds throughout the seasons they are present in an area. Placing these plants near windows affords a good view of the birds. Hummingbirds will also take synthetic nectar from artificial feeders. Such feeders allow people to observe and enjoy hummingbirds up-close while providing the hummingbirds with a reliable supply of nectar, especially when flower blossoms are less abundant. Maintaining cleanliness of the feeder is essential for the health of the birds. Homemade nectar can be made from 1 part white, granulated table sugar to 4 parts water, boiled to make it easier to dissolve the sugar and to purify the solution so that it will stay fresh longer. The cooled nectar is then poured into the feeder.
Things to avoid using in feeders include honey, which should not be used because it is prone to culture bacteria dangerous to hummingbirds. Artificial sweeteners should also be avoided because, although the hummingbirds will drink it, they will be starved of the calories they need to sustain their metabolism. Some commercial hummingbird foods contain red dyes and preservatives, which are unnecessary and possibly dangerous to the birds, so dyes and preservatives should be avoided because neither have been studied for long-term effects on hummingbirds. While it is true that bright colors, especially red, initially attract hummingbirds more quickly than others, it is better to use a feeder that has some red on it, rather than coloring the liquid offered in it. It is possible that red dye is harmful to hummingbirds. Commercial nectar mixes may contain small amounts of mineral nutrients which are useful to hummingbirds, but hummingbirds get all the nutrients they need from the insects they eat, not from nectar, so the added nutrients also are unnecessary. Authorities on hummingbirds recommend that if you use a feeder, use just plain sugar and water.
A hummingbird feeder should be easy to refill and keep clean. Prepared nectar can be refrigerated for 1-2 weeks before being used, but once placed outdoors it will only remain fresh for 2-4 days in hot weather, or 4-6 days in moderate weather, before turning cloudy or developing mold. If the feeder is in a shady area the nectar will last longer without spoiling. When changing the nectar, the feeder should be rinsed thoroughly with warm tap water, flushing the reservoir and ports to remove any contamination or sugar build-up. If dish soap is used, it always needs extra rinsing so that no residue is left behind. The feeder can be soaked in dilute chlorine bleach if black specks of mold appear and rinsed with clear water.
Other animals are also attracted to hummingbird feeders. It is a good idea to get a feeder that has very narrow ports, or ports with mesh-like "wasp guards", to prevent bees and wasps from getting inside where they get trapped. Orioles, woodpeckers, banaquits, and other animals are known to drink from hummingbird feeders, sometimes tipping them and draining the liquid. If this becomes a problem, it is possible to buy feeders which are specifically designed to support their extra weight and which hummingbirds will use too. If ants find your hummingbird feeder, one solution is to install an "ant moat", which is available at specialty garden stores and online, or tanglefoot can be used to trap the ants, provided it is applied in a location totally inaccessible to the hummingbirds. You can also place Vaseline on the pole that holds the feeder to trap ants on the path that they create.
Sometimes a large hummingbird drives its smaller brethren away from a feeder. An effective solution is to put out a second feeder that contains a slightly lower sugar concentration. Hummingbirds can detect a feeding source that is denser in sugar by only a few percent, and the more aggressive bird will make that feeder its own. The smaller birds will flock to the remaining feeder.
Scientific classification
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Aves
- Order: Apodiformes
- Family: Trochilidae: Vigors, 1825
Subfamilies
- Phaethornithinae
- Trochilinae
Complete list of hummingbirds in alphabetical order and common or binomial name.
- Name --
Binomial
- Allen's Hummingbird -- Selasphorus sasin
- Amazilia Hummingbird -- Amazilia amazilia
- Amethyst Woodstar -- Calliphlox amethystina
- Amethyst-throated Hummingbird -- Lampornis amethystinus
- Amethyst-throated Sunangel -- Heliangelus amethysticollis
- Andean Emerald -- Agyrtria franciae
- Andean Hillstar -- Oreotrochilus estella
- Anna's Hummingbird -- Calypte anna
- Antillean Crested Hummingbird -- Orthorhyncus cristatus
- Antillean Mango -- Anthracothorax dominicus
- Azure-crowned Hummingbird -- Agyrtria cyanocephala
- Bahama Woodstar -- Calliphlox evelynae
- Band-tailed Barbthroat -- Threnetes ruckeri
- Bearded Helmetcrest -- Oxypogon guerinii
- Bearded Mountaineer -- Oreonympha nobilis
- Beautiful Hummingbird -- Calothorax pulcher
- Bee Hummingbird -- Mellisuga helenae
- Berylline Hummingbird -- Saucerottia beryllina
- Black Inca -- Coeligena prunellei
- Black Jacobin -- Florisuga fuscus
- Black Metaltail -- Metallura phoebe
- Black-backed Thornbill -- Ramphomicron dorsale
- Black-bellied Hummingbird -- Eupherusa nigriventris
- Black-bellied Thorntail -- Popelairia langsdorffi
- Black-billed Streamertail -- Trochilus scitulus
- Black-breasted Hillstar -- Oreotrochilus melanogaster
- Black-breasted Puffleg -- Eriocnemis nigrivestis
- Black-chinned Hummingbird -- Archilochus alexandri
- Black-crested Coquette -- Lophornis helenae
- Black-eared Fairy -- Heliothryx aurita
- Black-hooded Sunbeam -- Aglaeactis pamela
- Black-tailed Trainbearer -- Lesbia victoriae
- Black-thighed Puffleg -- Eriocnemis derbyi
- Black-throated Brilliant -- Heliodoxa schreibersii
- Black-throated Hermit -- Phaethornis atrimentalis
- Black-throated Mango -- Anthracothorax nigricollis
- Blossomcrown -- Anthocephala floriceps
- Blue-capped Hummingbird -- Eupherusa cyanophrys
- Blue-capped Puffleg -- Eriocnemis glaucopoides
- Blue-chested Hummingbird -- Polyerata amabilis
- Blue-chinned Sapphire -- Chlorostilbon notatus
- Blue-fronted Lancebill -- Doryfera johannae
- Blue-headed Hummingbird -- Cyanophaia bicolor
- Blue-headed Sapphire -- Hylocharis grayi
- Blue-mantled Thornbill -- Chalcostigma stanleyi
- Blue-tailed Emerald -- Chlorostilbon mellisugus
- Blue-tailed Hummingbird -- Saucerottia cyanura
- Blue-throated Goldentail -- Hylocharis eliciae
- Blue-throated Hummingbird -- Lampornis clemenciae
- Blue-throated Starfrontlet -- Coeligena helianthea
- Blue-tufted Starthroat - Heliomaster furcifer
- Booted Racket-tail -- Ocreatus underwoodii
- Brazilian Ruby -- Clytolaema rubricauda
- Broad-billed Hummingbird -- Cynanthus latirostris
- Broad-tailed Hummingbird -- Selasphorus platycercus
- Broad-tipped Hermit -- Anopetia gounellei
- Bronze-tailed Comet -- Polyonymus caroli
- Bronze-tailed Barbthroat -- Threnetes (niger) loehkeni
- Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer -- Chalybura urochrysia
- Bronze-tailed Thornbill -- Chalcostigma heteropogon
- Bronzy Hermit -- Glaucis aenea
- Bronzy Inca -- Coeligena coeligena
- Brown Inca -- Coeligena wilsoni
- Brown Violet-ear -- Colibri delphinae
- Buff-bellied Hermit -- Phaethornis subochraceus
- Buff-bellied Hummingbird -- Amazilia yucatanensis
- Buff-breasted Sabrewing -- Campylopterus duidae
- Buff-tailed Coronet -- Boissonneaua flavescens
- Buff-tailed Sicklebill -- Eutoxeres condamini
- Buff-thighed Puffleg -- Haplophaedia assimilis
- Buff-winged Starfrontlet -- Coeligena lutetiae
- Buffy Hummingbird -- Leucippus fallax
- Bumblebee Hummingbird -- Atthis heloisa
- Calliope Hummingbird -- Stellula calliope
- Canivet's Emerald -- Chlorostilbon canivetii
- Charming Hummingbird -- Polyerata decora
- Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird -- Amazilia castaneiventris
- Chestnut-breasted Coronet -- Boissonneaua matthewsii
- Chilean Woodstar -- Eulidia yarrellii
- Chimborazo Hillstar -- Oreotrochilus chimborazo
- Chiribiquete Emerald -- Chlorostilbon olivaresi
- Cinnamon Hummingbird -- Amazilia rutila
- Cinnamon-throated Hermit -- Phaethornis nattereri
- Collared Inca -- Coeligena torquata
- Colorful Puffleg -- Eriocnemis mirabilis
- Copper-rumped Hummingbird -- Saucerottia tobaci
- Copper-tailed Hummingbird -- Saucerottia cupreicauda
- Coppery Emerald -- Chlorostilbon russatus
- Coppery Metaltail -- Metallura theresiae
- Coppery Thorntail -- Popelairia letitiae
- Coppery-bellied Puffleg -- Eriocnemis cupreoventris
- Coppery-headed Emerald -- Elvira cupreiceps
- Coppery-naped Puffleg -- Eriocnemis sapphiropygia
- Costa's Hummingbird -- Calypte costae
- Cozumel Emerald -- Chlorostilbon forficatus
- Crimson Topaz -- Topaza pella
- Cuban Emerald -- Chlorostilbon ricordii
- Dot-eared Coquette -- Lophornis gouldii
- Dusky Hummingbird -- Cynanthus sordidus
- Dusky-throated Hermit -- Phaethornis squalidus
- Ecuadorian Piedtail -- Phlogophilus hemileucurus
- Emerald-bellied Puffleg -- Eriocnemis alinae
- Emerald-chinned Hummingbird -- Abeillia abeillei
- Empress Brilliant -- Heliodoxa imperatrix
- Esmeraldas Woodstar -- Chaetocercus berlepschi
- Fawn-breasted Brilliant -- Heliodoxa rubinoides
- Festive Coquette - Lophornis chalybeus
- Fiery Topaz -- Topaza pyra
- Fiery-tailed Awlbill -- Avocettula recurvirostris
- Fiery-throated Hummingbird - Panterpe insignis
- Fire-throated Metaltail -- Metallura eupogon
- Fork-tailed Woodnymph -- Thalurania furcata
- Frilled Coquette -- Lophornis magnificus
- Garden Emerald -- Chlorostilbon assimilis
- Garnet-throated Hummingbird -- Lamprolaima rhami
- Giant Hummingbird -- Patagona gigas
- Gilded Sapphire -- Hylocharis chrysura
- Glittering-bellied Emerald -- Chlorostilbon aureoventris
- Glittering-throated Emerald -- Polyerata fimbriata
- Glowing Puffleg - Eriocnemis vestitus
- Glow-throated Hummingbird -- Selasphorus ardens
- Golden Starfrontlet -- Coeligena eos
- Golden-bellied Starfrontlet -- Coeligena bonapartei
- Golden-breasted Puffleg -- Eriocnemis mosquera
- Golden-crowned Emerald -- Chlorostilbon auriceps
- Golden-tailed Sapphire - Chrysuronia oenone
- Gorgeted Puffleg -- Eriocnemis isabellae
- Gorgeted Sunangel -- Heliangelus strophianus
- Gorgeted Woodstar -- Chaetocercus heliodor
- Gould's Inca - Coeligena inca
- Gould's Jewelfront -- Heliodoxa aurescens
- Gray-bellied Comet -- Taphrolesbia griseiventris
- Gray-breasted Sabrewing -- Campylopterus largipennis
- Gray-chinned Hermit -- Phaethornis griseogularis
- Gray-tailed Mountain-gem -- Lampornis cinereicauda
- Great Sapphirewing -- Pterophanes cyanopterus
- Great-billed Hermit -- Phaethornis malaris
- Green Hermit -- Phaethornis guy
- Green Mango -- Anthracothorax viridis
- Green Thorntail -- Discosura conversii
- Green Violet-ear -- Colibri thalassinus
- Green-and-white Hummingbird -- Leucippus viridicauda
- Green-backed Firecrown -- Sephanoides sephaniodes
- Green-bellied Hummingbird -- Saucerottia viridigaster
- Green-breasted Mango -- Anthracothorax prevostii
- Green-breasted Mountain-gem -- Lampornis sybillae
- Green-crowned Brilliant -- Heliodoxa jacula
- Green-crowned Woodnymph -- Thalurania fannyi
- Green-fronted Hummingbird -- Agyrtria viridifrons
- Green-fronted Lancebill -- Doryfera ludovicae
- Green-headed Hillstar -- Oreotrochilus stolzmanni
- Greenish Puffleg -- Haplophaedia aureliae
- Green-tailed Emerald -- Chlorostilbon alice
- Green-tailed Goldenthroat -- Polytmus theresiae
- Green-tailed Trainbearer -- Lesbia nuna
- Green-throated Carib -- Eulampis holosericeus
- Green-throated Mango -- Anthracothorax viridigula
- Green-throated Mountain-gem -- Lampornis viridipallens
- Hispaniolan Emerald -- Chlorostilbon swainsonii
- Hoary Puffleg -- Haplophaedia lugens
- Honduran Emerald -- Polyerata luciae
- Hooded Visorbearer -- Augastes lumachella
- Hook-billed Hermit -- Glaucis dohrnii
- Horned Sungem -- Heliactin bilophus
- Hyacinth Visorbearer -- Augastes scutatus
- Indigo-capped Hummingbird -- Saucerottia cyanifrons
- Jamaican Mango -- Anthracothorax mango
- Juan Fernández Firecrown -- Sephanoides fernandensis
- Koepcke's Hermit -- Phaethornis koepckeae
- Lazuline Sabrewing -- Campylopterus falcatus
- Little Hermit -- Phaethornis longuemareus
- Little Sunangel -- Heliangelus micrastur
- Little Woodstar -- Chaetocercus bombus
- Loja Hummingbird -- Amazilia alticola
- Long-billed Hermit -- Phaethornis longirostris
- Long-billed Starthroat -- Heliomaster longirostris
- Long-tailed Hermit -- Phaethornis superciliosus
- Long-tailed Sabrewing -- Campylopterus excellens
- Long-tailed Sylph -- Aglaiocercus kingi
- Long-tailed Woodnymph -- Thalurania watertonii
- Longuemare's Sunangel - Heliangelus clarisse
- Lucifer Hummingbird - Calothorax lucifer
- Magenta-throated Woodstar -- Calliphlox bryantae
- Magnificent Hummingbird -- Eugenes fulgens
- Mangrove Hummingbird -- Polyerata boucardi
- Many-spotted Hummingbird -- Leucippus hypostictus
- Maranhao Hermit -- Phaethornis (nattereri) maranhaoensis
- Marvelous Spatuletail -- Loddigesia mirabilis
- Mexican Sheartail -- Doricha eliza
- Mexican Woodnymph -- Thalurania ridgwayi
- Minute Hermit Phaethornis -- idaliae
- Mountain Avocetbill -- Opisthoprora euryptera
- Mountain Velvetbreast -- Lafresnaya lafresnayi
- Napo Sabrewing -- Campylopterus villaviscensio
- Narrow-tailed Emerald -- Chlorostilbon stenurus
- Neblina Metaltail -- Metallura odomae
- Needle-billed Hermit -- Phaethornis philippii
- Oasis Hummingbird -- Rhodopis vesper
- Olivaceous Thornbill -- Chalcostigma olivaceum
- Olive-spotted Hummingbird -- Leucippus chlorocercus
- Orange-throated Sunangel -- Heliangelus mavors
- Pale-bellied Hermit -- Phaethornis anthophilus
- Pale-tailed Barbthroat -- Threnetes (niger) leucurus
- Peacock Coquette -- Lophornis pavoninus
- Perija Metaltail -- Metallura iracunda
- Peruvian Piedtail -- Phlogophilus harterti
- Peruvian Sheartail -- Thaumastura cora
- Pink-throated Brilliant -- Heliodoxa gularis
- Plain-bellied Emerald -- Agyrtria leucogaster
- Plain-capped Starthroat - Heliomaster constantii
- Planalto Hermit - Phaethornis pretrei
- Plovercrest -- Stephanoxis lalandi
- Puerto Rican Emerald -- Chlorostilbon maugaeus
- Purple-backed Sunbeam -- Aglaeactis aliciae
- Purple-backed Thornbill -- Ramphomicron microrhynchum
- Purple-bibbed Whitetip -- Urosticte benjamini
- Purple-chested Hummingbird -- Polyerata rosenbergi
- Purple-collared Woodstar - Myrtis fanny
- Purple-crowned Fairy -- Heliothryx barroti
- Purple-throated Carib -- Eulampis jugularis
- Purple-throated Mountain-gem -- Lampornis calolaema
- Purple-throated Sunangel -- Heliangelus viola
- Purple-throated Woodstar -- Calliphlox mitchellii
- Racket-tailed Coquette -- Discosura longicauda
- Rainbow Starfrontlet -- Coeligena iris
- Rainbow-bearded Thornbill -- Chalcostigma herrani
- Red-billed Streamertail -- Trochilus polytmus
- Reddish Hermit -- Phaethornis ruber
- Red-tailed Comet -- Sappho sparganura
- Rondonia Emerald -- Agyrtria rondoniae
- Royal Sunangel -- Heliangelus regalis
- Ruby-throated Hummingbird -- Archilochus colubris
- Ruby-topaz Hummingbird - Chrysolampis mosquitus
- Rufous Hummingbird -- Selasphorus rufus
- Rufous Sabrewing -- Campylopterus rufus
- Rufous-breasted Hermit -- Glaucis hirsuta
- Rufous-breasted Sabrewing -- Campylopterus hyperythrus
- Rufous-capped Thornbill -- Chalcostigma ruficeps
- Rufous-cheeked Hummingbird -- Goethalsia bella
- Rufous-crested Coquette -- Lophornis delattrei
- Rufous-shafted Woodstar -- Chaetocercus jourdanii
- Rufous-tailed Hummingbird -- Amazilia tzacatl
- Rufous-throated Sapphire -- Hylocharis sapphirina
- Rufous-vented Whitetip -- Urosticte ruficrissa
- Rufous-webbed Brilliant -- Heliodoxa branickii
- Santa Marta Sabrewing -- Campylopterus phainopeplus
- Santa Marta Woodstar -- Chaetocercus astreans
- Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird -- Lepidopyga lilliae
- Sapphire-spangled Emerald -- Polyerata lactea
- Sapphire-throated Hummingbird -- Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
- Sapphire-vented Puffleg - Eriocnemis luciani
- Saw-billed Hermit -- Ramphodon naevius
- Scaled Metaltail -- Metallura aeneocauda
- Scale-throated Hermit -- Phaethornis eurynome
- Scaly-breasted Hummingbird -- Phaeochroa cuvierii
- Scintillant Hummingbird -- Selasphorus scintilla
- Scissor-tailed Hummingbird -- Hylonympha macrocerca
- Shining Sunbeam -- Aglaeactis cupripennis
- Shining-green Hummingbird -- Lepidopyga goudoti
- Short-crested Coquette -- Lophornis brachylophus
- Short-tailed Emerald - Chlorostilbon poortmani
- Short-tailed Woodstar -- Myrmia micrura
- Slender Sheartail -- Doricha enicura
- Slender-tailed Woodstar -- Microstilbon burmeisteri
- Snowcap -- Microchera albocoronata
- Snowy-bellied Hummingbird -- Saucerottia edward
- Sombre Hummingbird -- Campylopterus cirrochloris
- Sooty Barbthroat -- Threnetes niger
- Sooty-capped Hermit -- Phaethornis augusti
- Spangled Coquette -- Lophornis stictolophus
- Sparkling Violet-ear - Colibri coruscans
- Sparkling-tailed Hummingbird - Tilmatura dupontii
- Speckled Hummingbird -- Adelomyia melanogenys
- Spot-throated Hummingbird -- Leucippus taczanowskii
- Steely-vented Hummingbird -- Saucerottia saucerrottei
- Straight-billed Hermit -- Phaethornis bourcieri
- Streak-throated Hermit -- Phaethornis rupurumii
- Stripe-breasted Starthroat -- Heliomaster squamosus
- Stripe-tailed Hummingbird -- Eupherusa eximia
- Stripe-throated Hermit -- Phaethornis striigularis
- Swallow-tailed Hummingbird -- Eupetomena macroura
- Sword-billed Hummingbird -- Ensifera ensifera
- Tawny-bellied Hermit -- Phaethornis syrmatophorus
- Tepui Goldenthroat -- Polytmus milleri
- Tooth-billed Hummingbird -- Androdon aequatorialis
- Tourmaline Sunangel -- Heliangelus exortis
- Tufted Coquette -- Lophornis ornatus
- Tumbes Hummingbird -- Leucippus baeri
- Turquoise-throated -- Puffleg Eriocnemis godini
- Tyrian Metaltail -- Metallura tyrianthina
- Velvet-browed Brilliant -- Heliodoxa xanthogonys
- Velvet-purple Coronet - Boissonneaua jardini
- Venezuelan Sylph -- Aglaiocercus berlepschi
- Veraguan Mango -- Anthracothorax veraguensis
- Versicolored Emerald -- Agyrtria versicolor
- Vervain Hummingbird -- Mellisuga minima
- Violet Sabrewing -- Campylopterus hemileucurus
- Violet-bellied Hummingbird -- Damophila julie
- Violet-capped Hummingbird -- Goldmania violiceps
- Violet-capped Woodnymph -- Thalurania glaucopis
- Violet-chested Hummingbird -- Sternoclyta cyanopectus
- Violet-crowned Hummingbird -- Agyrtria violiceps
- Violet-crowned Woodnymph -- Thalurania colombica
- Violet-fronted Brilliant -- Heliodoxa leadbeateri
- Violet-headed Hummingbird -- Klais guimeti
- Violet-tailed Sylph - Aglaiocercus coelestis
- Violet-throated Metaltail -- Metallura baroni
- Violet-throated Starfrontlet -- Coeligena violifer
- Viridian Metaltail -- Metallura williami
- Volcano Hummingbird -- Selasphorus flammula
- Wedge-billed Hummingbird -- Augastes geoffroyi
- Wedge-tailed Hillstar -- Oreotrochilus adela
- Wedge-tailed Sabrewing -- Campylopterus curvipennis
- White-bearded Hermit -- Phaethornis hispidus
- White-bellied Emerald -- Agyrtria candida
- White-bellied Hummingbird -- Leucippus chionogaster
- White-bellied Mountain-gem -- Lampornis hemileucus
- White-bellied Woodstar -- Chaetocercus mulsant
- White-browed Hermit -- Phaethornis stuarti
- White-chested Emerald -- Agyrtria brevirostris
- White-chinned Sapphire -- Hylocharis cyanus
- White-crested Coquette -- Lophornis adorabilis
- White-eared Hummingbird -- Hylocharis leucotis
- White-necked Jacobin -- Florisuga mellivora
- White-sided Hillstar -- Oreotrochilus leucopleurus
- White-tailed Emerald -- Elvira chionura
- White-tailed Goldenthroat -- Polytmus guainumbi
- White-tailed Hillstar -- Urochroa bougueri
- White-tailed Hummingbird -- Eupherusa poliocerca
- White-tailed Sabrewing -- Campylopterus ensipennis
- White-tailed Starfrontlet -- Coeligena phalerata
- White-throated Hummingbird -- Leucochloris albicollis
- White-throated Mountain-gem -- Lampornis castaneoventris
- White-tipped Sicklebill -- Eutoxeres aquila
- White-tufted Sunbeam -- Aglaeactis castelnaudii
- White-vented Plumeleteer -- Chalybura buffonii
- White-vented Violet-ear -- Colibri serrirostris
- White-whiskered Hermit -- Phaethornis yaruqui
- Wine-throated Hummingbird -- Atthis ellioti
- Wire-crested Thorntail -- Popelairia popelairii
- Xantus's Hummingbird -- Hylocharis xantusii
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